name: front-end-testing description: DOM Testing Library patterns for behavior-driven UI testing. Framework-agnostic patterns for testing user interfaces. Use when testing any front-end application.

Front-End Testing with DOM Testing Library

This skill focuses on framework-agnostic DOM Testing Library patterns that work across React, Vue, Svelte, and other frameworks. For React-specific patterns (renderHook, context, components), load the react-testing skill. For TDD workflow (RED-GREEN-REFACTOR), load the tdd skill. For general testing patterns (factories, public API testing), load the testing skill.

Core Philosophy

Test behavior users see, not implementation details.

Testing Library exists to solve a fundamental problem: tests that break when you refactor (false negatives) and tests that pass when bugs exist (false positives).

Two Types of Users

Your UI components have two users:

End-users: Interact through the DOM (clicks, typing, reading text)
Developers: You, refactoring implementation

Kent C. Dodds principle: "The more your tests resemble the way your software is used, the more confidence they can give you."

Why This Matters

False negatives (tests break on refactor):

// ❌ WRONG - Testing implementation (will break on refactor)
it('should update internal state', () => {
  const component = new CounterComponent();
  component.setState({ count: 5 }); // Coupled to state implementation
  expect(component.state.count).toBe(5);
});

False positives (bugs pass tests):

// ❌ WRONG - Testing wrong thing
it('should render button', () => {
  render('<button data-testid="submit-btn">Submit</button>');
  expect(screen.getByTestId('submit-btn')).toBeInTheDocument();
  // Button exists but onClick is broken - test passes!
});

Correct approach (behavior-driven):

// ✅ CORRECT - Testing user-visible behavior
it('should submit form when user clicks submit', async () => {
  const handleSubmit = vi.fn();
  const user = userEvent.setup();

  render(`
    <form id="login-form">
      <label>Email: <input name="email" /></label>
      <label>Password: <input name="password" type="password" /></label>
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  `);

  document.getElementById('login-form').addEventListener('submit', (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    handleSubmit(new FormData(e.target));
  });

  await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'test@example.com');
  await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/password/i), 'password123');
  await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }));

  expect(handleSubmit).toHaveBeenCalled();
});

This test:

Survives refactoring (state → signals → stores)
Tests the contract (what users see)
Catches real bugs (broken onClick, validation errors)

Query Selection Priority

Most critical Testing Library skill: choosing the right query.

Priority Order

Use queries in this order (accessibility-first):

getByRole - Highest priority
- Queries by ARIA role + accessible name
- Mirrors screen reader experience
- Forces semantic HTML
getByLabelText - Form fields
- Finds inputs by associated <label>
- Ensures accessible forms
getByPlaceholderText - Fallback for inputs
- Only when label not present
- Placeholder shouldn't replace label
getByText - Non-interactive content
- Headings, paragraphs, list items
- Content users read
getByDisplayValue - Current form values
- Inputs with pre-filled values
getByAltText - Images
- Ensures accessible images
getByTitle - SVG titles, title attributes
- Rare, when other queries unavailable
getByTestId - Last resort only
- When no other query works
- Not user-facing

Query Variants

Three variants for every query:

getBy* - Element must exist (throws if not found)

// ✅ Use when asserting element EXISTS
const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i });
expect(button).toBeDisabled();

queryBy* - Returns null if not found

// ✅ Use when asserting element DOESN'T exist
expect(screen.queryByRole('dialog')).not.toBeInTheDocument();

// ❌ WRONG - getBy throws, can't assert non-existence
expect(() => screen.getByRole('dialog')).toThrow(); // Ugly!

findBy* - Async, waits for element to appear

// ✅ Use when element appears after async operation
const message = await screen.findByText(/success/i);

Common Mistakes

❌ Using container.querySelector

const button = container.querySelector('.submit-button'); // DOM implementation detail

✅ CORRECT - Query by accessible role

const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }); // User-facing

❌ Using getByTestId when role available

screen.getByTestId('submit-button'); // Not how users find button

✅ CORRECT - Query by role

screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }); // How screen readers find it

❌ Not using accessible names

screen.getByRole('button'); // Which button? Multiple on page!

✅ CORRECT - Specify accessible name

screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }); // Specific button

❌ Using getBy to assert non-existence

expect(() => screen.getByText(/error/i)).toThrow(); // Awkward

✅ CORRECT - Use queryBy

expect(screen.queryByText(/error/i)).not.toBeInTheDocument();

User Event Simulation

Always use userEvent over fireEvent for realistic interactions.

userEvent vs fireEvent

Why userEvent is superior:

Simulates complete interaction sequence (hover → focus → click → blur)
Triggers all associated events
Respects browser timing and order
Catches more bugs

// ❌ WRONG - fireEvent (incomplete simulation)
fireEvent.change(input, { target: { value: 'test' } });
fireEvent.click(button);

// ✅ CORRECT - userEvent (realistic simulation)
const user = userEvent.setup();
await user.type(input, 'test');
await user.click(button);

Only use fireEvent when:

userEvent doesn't support the event (rare)
Testing non-standard browser behavior

userEvent.setup() Pattern

Modern best practice (2025):

// ✅ CORRECT - Setup per test
it('should handle user input', async () => {
  const user = userEvent.setup(); // Fresh instance per test
  render('<input aria-label="Email" />');

  await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'test@example.com');
});

// ❌ WRONG - Setup in beforeEach
let user;
beforeEach(() => {
  user = userEvent.setup(); // Shared state across tests
});

it('test 1', async () => {
  await user.click(...); // Might affect test 2
});

Why: Each test gets clean state, prevents test interdependence.

Common Interactions

Clicking:

const user = userEvent.setup();
await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i }));

Typing:

await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/email/i), 'test@example.com');

Keyboard:

await user.keyboard('{Enter}'); // Press Enter
await user.keyboard('{Shift>}A{/Shift}'); // Shift+A

Selecting options:

await user.selectOptions(
  screen.getByLabelText(/country/i),
  'USA'
);

Clearing input:

await user.clear(screen.getByLabelText(/search/i));

Async Testing Patterns

UI frameworks are async by nature (state updates, API calls, suspense). Testing Library provides utilities for async scenarios.

findBy Queries

Built-in async queries (combines getBy + waitFor):

// ✅ CORRECT - Wait for element to appear
const message = await screen.findByText(/success/i);

// Under the hood: retries getByText until it succeeds or timeout

When to use:

Element appears after async operation
Loading states disappear
API responses render content

Configuration:

// Default: 1000ms timeout
const message = await screen.findByText(/success/i);

// Custom timeout
const message = await screen.findByText(/success/i, {}, { timeout: 3000 });

waitFor Utility

For complex conditions that findBy can't handle:

// ✅ CORRECT - Complex assertion
await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getByText(/loaded/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});

// ✅ CORRECT - Multiple elements
await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getAllByRole('listitem')).toHaveLength(10);
});

waitFor retries until:

Assertion passes (doesn't throw)
Timeout reached (default 1000ms)

Common mistakes:

❌ Side effects in waitFor

await waitFor(() => {
  fireEvent.click(button); // Side effect! Will click multiple times
  expect(result).toBe(true);
});

✅ CORRECT - Only assertions

fireEvent.click(button); // Outside waitFor
await waitFor(() => {
  expect(result).toBe(true); // Only assertion
});

❌ Multiple assertions

await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getByText(/name/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
  expect(screen.getByText(/email/i)).toBeInTheDocument(); // Might not retry both
});

✅ CORRECT - Single assertion per waitFor

await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getByText(/name/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
expect(screen.getByText(/email/i)).toBeInTheDocument();

❌ Wrapping findBy in waitFor

await waitFor(() => screen.findByText(/success/i)); // Redundant!

✅ CORRECT - findBy already waits

await screen.findByText(/success/i);

waitForElementToBeRemoved

For disappearance scenarios:

// ✅ CORRECT - Wait for loading spinner to disappear
await waitForElementToBeRemoved(() => screen.queryByText(/loading/i));

// ✅ CORRECT - Wait for modal to close
await waitForElementToBeRemoved(() => screen.queryByRole('dialog'));

Note: Must use queryBy* (returns null) not getBy* (throws).

Common Patterns

Loading states:

render('<div id="container"></div>');

// Simulate async data loading
const container = document.getElementById('container');
container.innerHTML = '<p>Loading...</p>';

// Initially loading
expect(screen.getByText(/loading/i)).toBeInTheDocument();

// Simulate data load
setTimeout(() => {
  container.innerHTML = '<p>John Doe</p>';
}, 100);

// Wait for data
await screen.findByText(/john doe/i);

// Loading gone
expect(screen.queryByText(/loading/i)).not.toBeInTheDocument();

API responses:

const user = userEvent.setup();
render(`
  <form>
    <label>Search: <input name="search" /></label>
    <button type="submit">Search</button>
    <ul id="results"></ul>
  </form>
`);

await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/search/i), 'react');
await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /search/i }));

// Wait for results (after API response)
await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getAllByRole('listitem')).toHaveLength(10);
});

Debounced inputs:

const user = userEvent.setup();
render(`
  <label>Search: <input id="search" /></label>
  <ul id="suggestions"></ul>
`);

await user.type(screen.getByLabelText(/search/i), 'react');

// Wait for debounced suggestions
await screen.findByText(/react testing library/i);

MSW Integration

Mock Service Worker for API-level mocking.

Why MSW

Network-level interception:

Intercepts requests at network layer (not fetch/axios mocks)
Same mocks work in tests, Storybook, development
No client-specific mocking logic
Tests real request logic

// ❌ WRONG - Mocking fetch implementation
vi.spyOn(global, 'fetch').mockResolvedValue({
  json: async () => ({ users: [...] }),
}); // Tight coupling, won't work in Storybook

// ✅ CORRECT - MSW intercepts at network level
// Works in tests, Storybook, dev server
http.get('/api/users', () => {
  return HttpResponse.json({ users: [...] });
});

setupServer Pattern

In test setup file:

// test-setup.ts
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node';
import { handlers } from './mocks/handlers';

export const server = setupServer(...handlers);

beforeAll(() => server.listen());
afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers());
afterAll(() => server.close());

In handlers file:

// mocks/handlers.ts
import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw';

export const handlers = [
  http.get('/api/users', () => {
    return HttpResponse.json({
      users: [
        { id: 1, name: 'Alice' },
        { id: 2, name: 'Bob' },
      ],
    });
  }),
];

Per-Test Overrides

Override handlers for specific tests:

it('should handle API error', async () => {
  // Override for this test only
  server.use(
    http.get('/api/users', () => {
      return HttpResponse.json(
        { error: 'Server error' },
        { status: 500 }
      );
    })
  );

  render('<div id="user-list"></div>');

  // Simulate component fetching users
  fetch('/api/users').then(() => {
    document.getElementById('user-list').innerHTML =
      '<p>Failed to load users</p>';
  });

  await screen.findByText(/failed to load users/i);
});

After test, afterEach resets to default handlers.

Accessibility-First Testing

Why Accessible Queries

Three benefits:

Tests mirror real usage - Query like screen readers do
Improves app accessibility - Tests force accessible markup
Refactor-friendly - Coupled to user experience, not implementation

// ❌ WRONG - Implementation detail
screen.getByTestId('user-menu');

// ✅ CORRECT - Accessibility query
screen.getByRole('button', { name: /user menu/i });

If accessible query fails, your app has an accessibility issue.

ARIA Attributes

When to add ARIA:

✅ Custom components (where semantic HTML unavailable):

<div role="dialog" aria-label="Confirmation Dialog">
  <h2>Are you sure?</h2>
  ...
</div>

Query:

screen.getByRole('dialog', { name: /confirmation/i });

❌ DON'T add to semantic HTML (redundant):

<!-- ❌ WRONG - Semantic HTML already has role -->
<button role="button">Submit</button>

<!-- ✅ CORRECT - Semantic HTML is enough -->
<button>Submit</button>

Semantic HTML Priority

Always prefer semantic HTML over ARIA:

<!-- ❌ WRONG - Custom element + ARIA -->
<div role="button" onclick="handleClick()" tabindex="0">
  Submit
</div>

<!-- ✅ CORRECT - Semantic HTML -->
<button onclick="handleClick()">
  Submit
</button>

Semantic HTML provides:

Built-in keyboard navigation
Built-in focus management
Built-in screen reader support
Less code, more accessibility

Testing Library Anti-Patterns

1. Not using `screen` object

❌ WRONG - Query from render result

const { getByRole } = render('<button>Submit</button>');
const button = getByRole('button');

✅ CORRECT - Use screen

render('<button>Submit</button>');
const button = screen.getByRole('button');

Why: screen is consistent, no destructuring, better error messages.

2. Using querySelector

❌ WRONG - DOM implementation

const { container } = render('<button class="submit-btn">Submit</button>');
const button = container.querySelector('.submit-btn');

✅ CORRECT - Accessible query

render('<button>Submit</button>');
const button = screen.getByRole('button', { name: /submit/i });

3. Testing implementation details

❌ WRONG - Internal state

const component = new Component();
expect(component._internalState).toBe('value'); // Private implementation

✅ CORRECT - User-visible behavior

render('<div id="output"></div>');
expect(screen.getByText(/value/i)).toBeInTheDocument();

4. Not using jest-dom matchers

❌ WRONG - Manual assertions

expect(button.disabled).toBe(true);
expect(element.classList.contains('active')).toBe(true);

✅ CORRECT - jest-dom matchers

expect(button).toBeDisabled();
expect(element).toHaveClass('active');

Install: npm install -D @testing-library/jest-dom

5. Manual cleanup() calls

❌ WRONG - Manual cleanup

afterEach(() => {
  cleanup(); // Automatic in modern Testing Library!
});

✅ CORRECT - No cleanup needed

// Cleanup happens automatically

6. Wrong assertion methods

❌ WRONG - Property access

expect(input.value).toBe('test');
expect(checkbox.checked).toBe(true);

✅ CORRECT - jest-dom matchers

expect(input).toHaveValue('test');
expect(checkbox).toBeChecked();

7. beforeEach render pattern

❌ WRONG - Shared render in beforeEach

let button;
beforeEach(() => {
  render('<button>Submit</button>');
  button = screen.getByRole('button'); // Shared state
});

it('test 1', () => {
  // Uses shared button from beforeEach
});

✅ CORRECT - Factory function per test

const renderButton = () => {
  render('<button>Submit</button>');
  return {
    button: screen.getByRole('button'),
  };
};

it('test 1', () => {
  const { button } = renderButton(); // Fresh state
});

For factory patterns, see testing skill.

8. Multiple assertions in waitFor

❌ WRONG - Multiple assertions

await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getByText(/name/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
  expect(screen.getByText(/email/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});

✅ CORRECT - Single assertion per waitFor

await waitFor(() => {
  expect(screen.getByText(/name/i)).toBeInTheDocument();
});
expect(screen.getByText(/email/i)).toBeInTheDocument();

9. Side effects in waitFor

❌ WRONG - Mutation in callback

await waitFor(() => {
  fireEvent.click(button); // Clicks multiple times!
  expect(result).toBe(true);
});

✅ CORRECT - Side effects outside

fireEvent.click(button);
await waitFor(() => {
  expect(result).toBe(true);
});

10. Exact string matching

❌ WRONG - Fragile exact match

screen.getByText('Welcome, John Doe'); // Breaks on whitespace change

✅ CORRECT - Regex for flexibility

screen.getByText(/welcome.*john doe/i);

11. Wrong query variant for assertion

❌ WRONG - getBy for non-existence

expect(() => screen.getByText(/error/i)).toThrow();

✅ CORRECT - queryBy

expect(screen.queryByText(/error/i)).not.toBeInTheDocument();

12. Wrapping findBy in waitFor

❌ WRONG - Redundant

await waitFor(() => screen.findByText(/success/i));