name: github-actions-container-build description: Build multi-architecture container images in GitHub Actions. Matrix builds (public repos with native ARM64), QEMU emulation (private repos), or ARM64 larger runners (Team/Enterprise). Uses Podman rootless builds with push-by-digest pattern

GitHub Actions Container Build

Build multi-architecture container images in GitHub Actions using Podman and native ARM64 runners.

Core Principles

Choose Your Workflow

CRITICAL: Ask these questions before generating any workflow.

Question 1: Is your GitHub repository public?

• Yes → Use github-actions-workflow-matrix-build.yml (free standard ARM64 runners, 10-50x faster)
• No → Go to Question 2

Question 2: Do you have GitHub Team/Enterprise + willing to pay for ARM64 builds?

• Yes → Use ARM64 larger runners (custom setup required, paid per minute)
• No → Use github-actions-workflow-qemu.yml (free QEMU emulation, slower but works on free tier)

1. Push-by-Digest (2025 Best Practice - Default)

Matrix builds use push-by-digest pattern:

• Images pushed by digest without intermediate :amd64/:arm64 tags
• Only tiny digest files (~70 bytes) transfer as artifacts
• Registry stays clean (no tag clutter)
• Same debug experience with --platform flag

# Build job
- name: Push by digest
  run: |
    podman push \
      --digestfile /tmp/digest \
      localhost/build:${{ matrix.arch }} \
      docker://${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}

# Merge job
- name: Create manifest from digests
  run: |
    podman manifest create "$IMAGE:latest"
    podman manifest add "$IMAGE:latest" "docker://$IMAGE@${AMD64_DIGEST}"
    podman manifest add "$IMAGE:latest" "docker://$IMAGE@${ARM64_DIGEST}"
    podman manifest push --all "$IMAGE:latest" "docker://$IMAGE:latest"

Debug specific architecture:

podman pull --platform linux/arm64 ghcr.io/OWNER/REPO:latest

2. Matrix Builds (Public Repos)

For public repositories - use GitHub-hosted standard ARM64 runners:

• 10-50x faster builds (native vs. emulation)
• Better reliability and accuracy
• Lower CI costs
• Completely free for public repos
• Not available for private repos

strategy:
  matrix:
    include:
      - arch: amd64
        runner: ubuntu-24.04
      - arch: arm64
        runner: ubuntu-24.04-arm  # Standard ARM64 runner (public repos only)

3. QEMU Builds (Private Repos - Free Tier)

For private repositories on free tier - use QEMU emulation:

• Works on GitHub Free plan
• Slower (10-50x) than native ARM64 runners
• Uses docker/setup-qemu-action for ARM64 emulation
• Single-job pattern with --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64

runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
  - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
  - run: podman build --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --manifest ...

4. Podman Over Docker

Use Podman for container builds:

• Rootless by default (better security)
• No daemon required
• Native multi-arch manifest support
• OCI compliant
• Must use podman manifest push --all (not podman push)
• Format: Use OCI (default) for modern registries; use --format v2s2 only for Quay.io or cross-registry (see references for details)
• Network: Use --network=host flag for builds to avoid container networking SSL issues on GitHub Actions ubuntu-24.04 (see Troubleshooting section)

5. podman-static for Heredoc Support

Ubuntu 24.04's bundled podman (4.9.3) uses buildah 1.33.7 which doesn't support heredoc syntax. Install podman-static for full BuildKit compatibility:

- name: Install podman-static
  run: |
    ARCH=$(uname -m)
    if [ "$ARCH" = "x86_64" ]; then
      PODMAN_ARCH="amd64"
    else
      PODMAN_ARCH="arm64"
    fi
    curl -fsSL -o /tmp/podman-linux-${PODMAN_ARCH}.tar.gz \
      https://github.com/mgoltzsche/podman-static/releases/latest/download/podman-linux-${PODMAN_ARCH}.tar.gz
    cd /tmp && tar -xzf podman-linux-${PODMAN_ARCH}.tar.gz
    sudo cp -f podman-linux-${PODMAN_ARCH}/usr/local/bin/* /usr/bin/
    podman system migrate

Important: Install to /usr/bin/ (not /usr/local/bin/) to avoid AppArmor issues.

Quick Start

For Public Repos (Matrix Build)

1. Copy workflow template:

   cp assets/github-actions-workflow-matrix-build.yml .github/workflows/build.yml
   

2. Customize Containerfile path:

   -f ./Containerfile.python-uv  # or your Containerfile
   

3. Add your Containerfile (see secure-container-build plugin for templates)

For Private Repos (QEMU)

1. Copy workflow template:

   cp assets/github-actions-workflow-qemu.yml .github/workflows/build.yml
   

2. Follow steps 2-3 from above.

Workflow Structure

Matrix Build Workflow (Push-by-Digest)

1. Build job (matrix): Build and push images by digest on native runners
2. Merge job: Download digests, create and push multi-arch manifest

QEMU Workflow

1. Single job: Build multi-arch manifest directly with --platform flag

Multi-arch Build Approaches

See references/github-actions-best-practices.md for detailed comparison.

ARM64 Larger Runners (Private Repos with Team/Enterprise)

For private repositories with GitHub Team or Enterprise Cloud plans:

Standard ARM64 runners (ubuntu-24.04-arm) don't work in private repos. Instead, create ARM64 larger runners:

Setup steps:

1. Go to Organization Settings → Actions → Runners → New runner
2. Select "Larger runners"
3. Choose "Ubuntu 24.04 by Arm Limited" partner image
4. Name your runner (e.g., my-org-arm64-runner)
5. Configure size (e.g., 4-core, 16GB RAM)

Update workflow to use custom runner:

strategy:
  matrix:
    include:
      - arch: amd64
        runner: ubuntu-24.04
      - arch: arm64
        runner: my-org-arm64-runner  # Your custom ARM64 larger runner name

Cost:

• Billed per minute (not included in free minutes)
• ~37% cheaper than x64 larger runners
• Ref: Actions runner pricing

Registry Configuration

GitHub Container Registry (GHCR) - Default

env:
  REGISTRY: ghcr.io
  IMAGE_NAME: ${{ github.repository }}

- name: Login to GHCR
  run: |
    echo "${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" | podman login "${{ env.REGISTRY }}" \
      -u "${{ github.actor }}" \
      --password-stdin

Docker Hub (Optional)

- name: Login to Docker Hub
  run: |
    echo "${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}" | podman login docker.io \
      -u "${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}" \
      --password-stdin

# Push to Docker Hub
podman manifest push --all "$IMAGE:latest" \
  "docker://docker.io/${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}/app:latest"

Debugging Multi-arch Images

# Pull specific architecture
podman pull --platform linux/arm64 ghcr.io/OWNER/REPO:latest

# Inspect manifest
podman manifest inspect ghcr.io/OWNER/REPO:latest

# Verify architectures
podman manifest inspect ghcr.io/OWNER/REPO:latest | jq '.manifests[].platform'

Reference Documentation

For detailed information, see references/github-actions-best-practices.md.

Containerfile Templates

For Containerfile templates and security best practices, see the secure-container-build plugin which provides:

• Production-ready templates for Python/uv, Bun, Node.js/pnpm, Golang, and Rust
• Wolfi runtime images with non-root users
• Multi-stage build patterns
• Allocator optimization for Rust

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Container networking SSL errors (ubuntu-24.04 runners):

• Symptom: UNKNOWN_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_ERROR or SSL certificate verification failures during bun install, npm install, pip install, etc. inside containers

• Cause: GitHub Actions ubuntu-24.04 runner image 20251208.163.1+ has container networking configuration changes that break SSL/TLS connections from inside containers

• Solution: Add --network=host flag to podman build:

  podman build \
    --network=host \
    --format docker \
    --platform linux/${{ matrix.arch }} \
    -f ./Containerfile \
    .
  

• Verification: Test repository at https://github.com/pigfoot/test-bun-ssl-issue

• GitHub Issue: https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/13422

• Note: This is a known issue with ubuntu-24.04 runners. The --network=host workaround reduces network isolation during build but is acceptable for CI/CD use cases.

Authentication failed:

• Ensure GITHUB_TOKEN has package write permission
• Check registry URL and credentials

Manifest add failed:

• Verify architecture-specific images exist in registry
• Check digest format is correct (sha256:...)

ARM64 runner not available:

• Standard ARM64 runners only work for public repos
• For private repos, use QEMU or larger runners

podman-static installation fails:

• Verify correct architecture detection
• Check GitHub releases for podman-static availability

AppArmor issues:

• Install binaries to /usr/bin/ not /usr/local/bin/
• Run podman system migrate after installation

Wrong architecture pulled:

• Always use --platform flag when pulling
• Use --format docker when building for compatibility